The fundamental principles of operation and general concepts that are applicable to all instrumentation, the commercial development of medical instruments and regulations of medical devices, It covers the measurements of biopotentials such as ECG, EEG, and EMG, cardiovascular dynamics- pressure, heart sounds, flow and volume of blood, respiratory dynamics- pressure, flow, and concentration of gases, Devices used in therapy such as pacemakers, defibrillators, cochlear prosthesis, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, total artificial heart, lithotripsy, infant radiant warmers, drug infusion pumps, ventilators and anesthesia machines.
